Managing Cultural Diversity

Summary This academic written report ordain consider the study Cooperation and competition in inter heathenish interactions conducted by David Matsumoto and Hyi Sung Hwang, San Francisco State University, United States. pris oners Dilemma, Ultimatum, Trust Game argon well-known play games which willed to accumulate sufficient knowledge in the presented area of studies in terms of cooperation, competition, punishment, trust, trustworthy and clearly demonstrates that people of different cultures plays these games differently.Earlier research has manage to conclusion that intercultural interactions shows less positive results in cooperative behaviors in game play than intracultural interactions but to reckon no empirical links bewilder been made surrounded by behavioral outcomes and cultural differences between the participants, which became the veridical purpose of the study. The first hypothesis is that Intercultural condition will produce less positive behavioral outcomes and cooperation than the swan condition and the second hypotheses states that these behavioral differences are connected to cultural differences.Organizers of the study offered modified version of prisoners Dilemma where partner either country mate or international one. Americans were put in the corresponding sex-dyads in one of three conditions with another American participants (Control Condition 120 people, 40 males and 80 females), with an international student (Intercultural condition 41 Americans, 20 males, 21 females and 41 international participants, 20 males and 21 females), or with another American but under stressful condition (Stress conditions 90 people, 44 males and 46 females).The aim of the participants is to increase their participation fee, and they were told that an amount of paid sum depends on their play, in reality they have standard amount of fee. They were seated opposite separately other and were not allowed to talk, each pair was unaffectionate by divi der, Experimenter observed the play on the other side of the table. Each participant was given 20 1$ coins and a blue (competitiveness, defection or betrayal) and yellow (cooperation, trust, vulnerability) card.They had an option whether to play with blue or yellow card within the time allotted for each play. Participants in the Control and Intercultural Conditions were instructed to increase their professional payoffs and they received participation fee regardless they won or lost the play the length of each round 20 s. Participants in stress conditions were instructed that one participant should win over other, and winner will receive all coins from looser each round lasted for 4 s. Play continued for 20 rounds, or until one of the players lost all their money.Researchers opted a broad-based approach, where they defined a set of context variables (they were extracted from the plays and summed across both players for drudgery a score for each pair) and in addition they created 10 individual characteristics (cooperation, betrayal, forgiveness, retaliation, reparation, defection, reconciliation, stalemate, pro affable acts, antisocial acts) examined indices of cultural differences between pairs of individuals from different cultures, using home country scores on Hofestede (2001) cultural dimensions (Individualism vs. Collectivism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, maleness vs.Femininity, and Long vs. Short Term Orientation) . Researches also created cultural differences score in the intercultural condition. All participants passed a reputation test (Neo-Five Factor Inventory) and were qualified as acceptable. Besides this, participants self-reported their emotions using 9- point scale (0-9 anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, surprise, pride, shame, embracement, guilt, interest and and so forth ) before entering the experiment room and after. For the intercultural Conditions researches computed Cultural Distances scores for each pair using Hofstede s (2001) five cultural dimensions.As the result after computing dependent/ free variable (Condition), victorious into consideration that pair had the same characteristics (same sex strangers in the same condition), analyzing data for hypotheses, conducting post hoc comparisons using Scheffe tests, thence researchers concluded that Intercultural Condition looked like the Stress Condition, demonstrating worse behavioral outcomes than the Control Condition despite the Intercultural Conditions had the same instructions and numbers as the ontrol Condition. Hypothesis 1 was proved. Initiators of the study also computed pair level correlations between geographical and Cultural Distance scores with each of the behavioral outcomes in the Intercultural Conditions. Greater cultural Distance on Power Distance was reliably was strongly associated with less positive behavioral outcomes.Hypothesis 2 was supported. intelligence Strengths This study is the very first research which empirically linked behavioral outcomes to cultural differences between the players and it is needful that these findings play will make essential contribution for future empirical works, business development, intercultural trainers and participants itself.Organizers of the study introduced record scale to control individual-level effects, offered participants to self-report twice their emotional state prior and after experiment, measured and computed dependent/independent context variables (used well-known Hofesteds cultural dimensions) in order to reduce the possibility of commitment of the ecological and cultural attribution fallacy. LimitationsCross-cultural literature do not explain us sufficiently what happens in intercultural situations because cross-cultural differences are not necessarily translated to behavioral differences in intercultural interactions moreover, there is no empirical display that less cooperative and more destructive behaviors associated with intercultural interac tions connected to cultural differences between the participants.Game rules and experimental procedure make direct comparisons very difficult and there is a possibility that instructions are construe differently in different cultures. Difference scores of participants home country scores on cultural dimensions are not strongly linked to participants because they are simply diffuse and abstract. Methodology didnt allow for separation of relative standing of the relative standing of power distance and examination of whether differences were consistent at different values of dimension.Another concerns how the participants in the Intercultural Condition perceive differences between each other. Plus, it is implicit whether these perceptions are automatic or deliberate thought. One of the limitations of the study related to potential explanatory variables (such variables may have been at play) that were not measured (culturally-based, individual differences in economic expectations, reli gious differences etc. ) References Matsumoto D. Hwang H. S. , (2011), Cooperation and competition in intercultural interactions, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 35 , Issue 5 , pp. 677-685 Ailon, G. (2008). Mirror, mirror on the wall Cultures consequences in a value test of its own design. Academy of Management Review, 33(4), 885904. Allik, J. , & Realo, A. (2004). IndividualismCollectivism and social capital. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(1), 2949.